Bibliography...

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Bibliography

At the end of your essay you must list, in alphabetical order of authors' names, all the works you have used.

Subdivide this list into Primary and Secondary sources if this is appropriate. The details of each entry should be as mentioned in the References section below.

Each work listed should find a use in your essay and be mentioned. "Cosmetic" bibliographies, designed only to impress, are pointless and dishonest.

References

All sources of information and ideas used in coursework should be acknowledged in the text as they occur. This may be done on one of two ways. Use one or other system consistently: do not mix them. Departments may issue their own guidance.

Harvard System

This system is generally used in science, social science and archaeology. It can be used in humanities.

This is how to write a reference in the bibliography:

(a) If the reference is a book:

Poinar,G.O. & Thomas,G.M.(1984), Laboratory Guide to Pathogens. Plenum Press, New York and London

(b) If the reference is from an article:

Schal,C.,Charlton,R.E. & Carde,R.T. (1987), 'Temporal Pattern of sex pheromone in Holomelina lamae'. Jnl.Chem.Ecol. 13(2), 1115-1117.

(c) If the reference is a contribution to a book:

Payne,T.L.(1981). Disruption of southern pine beetle infestations. In Mitchel,E.R.(ed),Management of Insect Pests. Plenum Press, New York, pp.365-383.

This is how to write a reference in the text:

All references take the form:

'The lava normally mutates after seven days (Smyth, 1990)'

or:

'Smyth (1990) states that...'

Latin names, book and journal titles should be italicized or underlined. Journal volume numbers should be in bold if available. If there is more than one publication by an author in a single year use a, b, etc. after the date: e.g. Smith, (1990a), p.119.

Latin System

This system is widely used in the humanities, but is not compulsory. It employs consecutive numbering of references in the text, linked to a numbered list of notes at the end of the work.

This list of references should employ standard Latin abbreviations for multiple references to a single work. There is a separate bibliography.

This is how to write a reference in bibliography:

(a) If the reference is from a book:

Hinton,D,Archaeology, Economy and Society, 1990.

(b) If the reference is from an article:

Harrison,M, 'Stalinist Industrialisation and the Test of War', in History Workshop Jnl, 29 1990)

(c) If the reference is a contribution to a book:

Burnard, L, 'The Historian and the Database;, in Mawdsley,E.,Morgan,N.,Richmond, L & Trainor, R, History and Computing III: Historians, Computers and Data, Manchester UP, Manchester and New York (1990).

This is how to write a reference in the list of notes:

The first appearance of a book or article is references as in the bibliography above. Thereafter, the details can be abbreviated, by using only the author's name and the appropriate forms as follows:

ibid. ('in the same place') if the title is cited in the note immediately

loc.cit. ('in the place previously cited')

op.cit. ('in the work previously cited')

e.g: Hinton, op.cit.,p.116